May a person standing outside the synagogue behind a window (facing the congregation) count toward the minyan?

PrayerCommunal Prayer

Synopsis

The Mechaber rules that if a person stands outside but shows his face through a window (any size, any height) to those inside, he counts toward the ten. The Rema adds that rooftops and upper stories do not count.

Early Acharonim
Late Acharonim
Lenient
Strict
Lesser cited
Major authority

Discussion

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